How to Become a Licensed Chiropractor in Kansas

A licensed chiropractor in Kansas is a state-regulated healthcare professional who diagnoses and treats human ailments, with a special focus on the analysis and adjustment of the spinal column and the neuromusculoskeletal system. The practice of chiropractic in the state is legally defined to include the use of physiotherapy methods such as light, heat, water, or exercise ¹. This authority is granted by the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts, the governing body responsible for ensuring that all licensed chiropractors meet stringent educational, ethical, and examination standards designed to protect public health and safety. The board's composition, which includes three Doctors of Chiropractic alongside representatives from other medical fields and the public, reflects an integrated approach to healthcare regulation in the state ². This state-specific licensure framework is the mechanism by which Kansas maintains professional accountability and verifies that practitioners possess the requisite knowledge and skill before they are permitted to treat patients. The historical development of the profession, from its origins with figures like D. D. Palmer, has evolved into a structured and regulated field where state oversight is a fundamental component of its legitimacy ³.⁴

This article details the complete pathway to obtaining a Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) license in Kansas. It outlines the sequence of requirements, beginning with postsecondary pre-chiropractic education and matriculation into an accredited chiropractic college. The subsequent sections explain the rigorous national examination process administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE). This multi-part examination sequence begins with Part I, which covers six basic science subjects including general anatomy, spinal anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathology, and microbiology ⁵. Following this, candidates must pass Part II, which assesses knowledge in six clinical science areas such as general diagnosis, neuromusculoskeletal diagnosis, and principles of chiropractic ⁶. The process continues with the NBCE Part III, a written clinical competency examination evaluating nine distinct clinical areas, from case history and physical examination to diagnosis and case management ⁷. The final national hurdle is the Part IV practical skills examination, which tests proficiency in chiropractic technique and case management ⁸. Upon successful completion of the NBCE examinations, the article details the final, state-specific steps for Kansas licensure. This includes submitting an application to the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts, providing all necessary documentation, and passing a state-administered jurisprudence examination covering the Kansas healing arts act, found in statutes K.S.A. 65-2801 et seq ⁹. The article also addresses the process of licensure by endorsement for chiropractors already licensed in another state, a path governed by K.S.A. Kansas statute 65-2833 provides for licensure by endorsement to applicants from a state with substantially equivalent standards who can demonstrate active practice in direct patient care for the twelve months immediately preceding the application. ¹⁰.

Governing authority: The Kansas State Board of Healing Arts

The oversight and regulation of the chiropractic profession in Kansas fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts (KSBHA). This entity, established by state law, serves as the single licensing and disciplinary body for a range of health professions, including chiropractic. The board's authority is codified in the Kansas Healing Arts Act, K.S.A. Under the Kansas Healing Arts Act, the State Board of Healing Arts is granted the authority to license practitioners, adopt and enforce rules and regulations necessary to administer the act, and investigate violations to protect the public against unqualified or unprofessional practice. ⁹. Its mission is to protect the public by ensuring that all licensed practitioners, including chiropractors, meet and maintain established standards of competence and professional conduct.

The composition of the KSBHA is specifically designed to be multi-disciplinary, reflecting the variety of professions it regulates. The board consists of fifteen members appointed by the governor. This includes five Medical Doctors, three Doctors of Osteopathy, one Doctor of Podiatric Medicine, three public members who represent the interests of Kansas consumers, and, significantly, three Doctors of Chiropractic (D.C.) ². The inclusion of three chiropractic members ensures that the profession has direct representation and expert input in all board matters. This integrated model, where different healing arts are governed by a single board, contrasts with the regulatory structures in other states that maintain separate boards exclusively for chiropractic. The historical struggle for such representation on state boards is a recurring theme in the development of the chiropractic profession, as it signified a move towards mainstream acceptance and away from professional isolation ¹¹.¹²

Under the authority of the Kansas Healing Arts Act, the KSBHA executes several key functions relevant to chiropractors. It is responsible for evaluating all applications for licensure, whether by examination or by endorsement from another state. For endorsement, the board verifies that the applicant's original license was obtained under standards equivalent to those in Kansas and that the applicant has been in active practice ¹⁰. The board also defines and enforces the legal scope of chiropractic practice in the state. For example, the board oversees the provisions of K.S.A. 65-2871, which explicitly permits licensed chiropractors to use physiotherapy methods, defined to include the therapeutic application of light, heat, water, or exercise ¹. Furthermore, the KSBHA administers a mandatory jurisprudence examination for all new license applicants. This test assesses an applicant's knowledge of the Kansas Healing Arts Act and the board's associated regulations, confirming their understanding of the legal and ethical obligations of practicing in Kansas ⁹. The board is also empowered to investigate allegations of malpractice, unethical behavior, or practice outside the legal scope, with the authority to hold hearings and impose disciplinary actions ranging from reprimands to license suspension or revocation.

Educational foundation: The Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degree

The primary and non-negotiable educational requirement for an individual seeking chiropractic licensure in Kansas is the possession of a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degree. This degree must be awarded by a chiropractic program that holds accreditation from the Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE), the sole agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education for accrediting such programs. The DC program is a demanding, post-baccalaureate course of study, typically structured as a four-year academic program with a minimum of 4,200 instructional hours. Admission into these programs generally requires at least 90 semester hours of undergraduate coursework, with a strong emphasis on the basic sciences.

The curriculum of a CCE-accredited program is divided into didactic instruction and clinical training. The initial phase, covering approximately the first two years, is concentrated on foundational sciences. This coursework is designed to provide the scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and practice and to prepare students for the first major hurdle in the licensure pathway, the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) Part I examination. The subjects tested on this exam directly reflect the core curriculum of this phase, encompassing general anatomy, spinal anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathology, and microbiology ⁵. Successful completion of this foundational stage is a prerequisite for advancement into the clinical science portion of the program.

Following the basic sciences, the curriculum shifts to clinical sciences and chiropractic-specific subjects. This portion of the education prepares students for the NBCE Part II examination, which assesses competency in six key clinical areas: general diagnosis, neuromusculoskeletal diagnosis, diagnostic imaging, principles of chiropractic, chiropractic practice, and associated clinical sciences ⁶. Students study the pathophysiology of disease, differential diagnosis, radiographic interpretation, and various chiropractic treatment methodologies. The principles and application of specific adjustive procedures, as detailed in academic works like F. P. DeGiacomo's Textbook of chiropractic technique, are a central focus.

The final phase of the DC program consists of intensive, hands-on clinical training, often in the form of an internship or preceptorship. During this period, typically lasting about one year, students manage patient cases from intake to discharge under the direct supervision of licensed faculty clinicians in a campus clinic or an approved off-site facility. This experience is critical for developing the competencies evaluated in the NBCE's written and practical board examinations. The training ensures proficiency in the nine clinical areas tested on the NBCE Part III exam, which include case history, physical examination, neuromusculoskeletal examination, diagnostic imaging, and case management ¹³. Graduation from a CCE-accredited institution, signifying the successful completion of all academic and clinical requirements, makes a candidate eligible to sit for the full series of NBCE examinations required for licensure in Kansas.

National board examinations Part I and II: Foundational and clinical sciences

The path to licensure in Kansas requires successful completion of a rigorous four-part examination series administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE). The initial stages, Part I and Part II, are designed to assess a candidate's mastery of foundational and clinical sciences, respectively. These examinations serve as standardized benchmarks to ensure that all prospective chiropractors possess the essential knowledge base before proceeding to clinical practice.

The Part I examination evaluates a candidate's understanding across six core basic science subjects that form the bedrock of a chiropractic education ⁵. These domains are General Anatomy, Spinal Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, Pathology, and Microbiology ⁵. Spinal Anatomy is of particular importance, as it directly relates to the central focus of chiropractic theory and practice, which has historically centered on the relationship between the spine and the nervous system, a concept articulated by pioneers such as D.¹⁴ D. Palmer. The other subjects provide the necessary context for a holistic understanding of the human body. Physiology and Chemistry test knowledge of normal bodily function and biochemical processes, while Pathology and Microbiology assess the candidate's ability to recognize disease states and infectious agents. Students typically sit for the Part I examination after completing the first two years of their Doctor of Chiropractic program.

Following the successful completion of Part I, candidates advance to the Part II examination. This test shifts the focus from basic sciences to their application in a clinical setting. It is composed of six clinical science subject areas: General Diagnosis, Neuromusculoskeletal Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Principles of Chiropractic, Chiropractic Practice, and Associated Clinical Sciences ⁶. General Diagnosis requires a broad understanding of human ailments, enabling the practitioner to form a differential diagnosis. Neuromusculoskeletal Diagnosis concentrates on conditions of the muscles, joints, and nerves, which constitute the primary scope of chiropractic intervention. The Diagnostic Imaging portion tests competency in interpreting radiographic and other imaging studies. The Principles of Chiropractic and Chiropractic Practice sections evaluate knowledge of the profession's theoretical foundations and the application of specific adjustive procedures, such as those detailed in works like the Textbook of chiropractic technique. Finally, Associated Clinical Sciences covers a range of related topics including nutrition, public health, and toxicology. Passing scores on both Part I and Part II are mandatory before a candidate is eligible to sit for the Part III and Part IV examinations and ultimately apply for a Kansas license.

National board examinations Part III and IV: Clinical competency and practical skills

Following the successful completion of the foundational science examinations, candidates for a Kansas chiropractic license must pass the final two assessments administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE): Part III and Part IV. These advanced examinations pivot from theoretical knowledge to the practical application of clinical skills and judgment essential for safe and effective patient care.

Part III of the NBCE sequence is a written clinical competency examination. It is designed to evaluate a candidate's proficiency across nine distinct clinical areas: Case History, Physical Examination, Neuromusculoskeletal Examination, Diagnostic Imaging, Clinical Laboratory and Special Studies, Diagnosis or Clinical Impression, Chiropractic Techniques, Supportive Interventions, and Case Management ⁷. This comprehensive structure compels candidates to synthesize information from patient interviews, physical assessments, and diagnostic tests to formulate an accurate clinical impression and a corresponding treatment strategy. The Supportive Interventions section specifically assesses knowledge of adjunctive therapies. These include physiotherapy methods like the application of light, heat, water, or exercise, which are recognized within the chiropractic scope of practice in Kansas under statute K.S.A. 65-2871 ¹. A significant update to the NBCE testing framework involved moving the Diagnostic Imaging station from the practical Part IV exam into the written Part III exam, requiring candidates to demonstrate their ability to interpret radiographic findings within the context of a written case presentation ⁸.

The NBCE Part IV examination serves as the final practical skills assessment, evaluating a candidate's ability to perform in a simulated clinical environment. This exam tests hands-on abilities and real-time clinical reasoning through interactions with standardized patients. According to the updated NBCE structure, the Part IV exam is composed of two major sections: Chiropractic Technique and Case Management ⁸. The Chiropractic Technique portion requires candidates to physically demonstrate proficiency in performing various adjustive procedures on different regions of the spine and extremities. The types of manual therapies tested are those taught as standard in chiropractic colleges and detailed in texts such as the Textbook of chiropractic technique. In the Case Management section, the candidate must manage a patient encounter, which involves conducting a focused examination, interpreting the findings, effectively communicating with the standardized patient, and developing an appropriate plan of care. This portion critically evaluates interpersonal skills, diagnostic acumen, and the ability to apply chiropractic principles to a live scenario. Passing both Part III and Part IV is mandatory, signifying that an applicant has met the national standard for entry-level clinical competency required for licensure consideration by the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts.

Kansas-specific requirements: The jurisprudence and physiotherapy examinations

In addition to the foundational national board examinations, licensure candidates in Kansas must satisfy two state-specific testing mandates designed to align practitioners with the state's distinct legal and clinical practice framework. These requirements consist of a state jurisprudence examination and the Physiotherapy examination administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE). Successful completion of both is a prerequisite for obtaining a license from the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts.

The first requirement is a passing score on the Kansas-specific jurisprudence examination. This test is administered by the state board to ensure every applicant possesses a working knowledge of the laws and regulations governing the healing arts professions within the state. The examination's content is centered on the Kansas Healing Arts Act, with a particular focus on the statutes beginning with K.S.A. 65-2801 et seq. ⁹. These statutes outline the powers and duties of the board, define the scope of practice for various licensees, establish grounds for disciplinary action, and detail the legal responsibilities of a healthcare provider in Kansas. While passing the examination is mandatory, the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts does not publicly disclose the specific percentage required to achieve a passing grade ⁹. This legal assessment ensures that from the outset of their careers, chiropractors in Kansas understand their professional boundaries and legal obligations.

The second Kansas-specific requirement is the mandatory passage of the NBCE's Physiotherapy (PT) examination. This requirement directly reflects the defined scope of chiropractic practice in the state. The Kansas Healing Arts Act, under statute K.S.A. 65-2871, explicitly authorizes chiropractors to use physiotherapy as part of their patient care ¹. The statute further defines "physiotherapy" to include the use of specific modalities such as light, heat, water, or exercise as methods of treatment ¹⁵. The NBCE's PT exam assesses a candidate's competency in these areas, covering topics like thermotherapy, cryotherapy, electrotherapy, mechanotherapy, phototherapy, and rehabilitative exercise protocols. By mandating this examination, the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts verifies that applicants have demonstrated a national standard of proficiency in the very modalities the state legislature has empowered them to use. This ensures that the clinical skills of licensed chiropractors match the permissions granted under state law, providing a clear link between legislated scope and verified practitioner competence. Together, the jurisprudence and physiotherapy examinations serve to integrate newly licensed chiropractors into Kansas's specific regulatory and clinical environment.

The application process for initial licensure

The pathway to initial chiropractic licensure in Kansas is administered entirely through the online portal of the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts (KSBHA). First-time applicants must create a secure user account, which serves as the central hub for submitting all required documentation, paying fees, and tracking the application's status. The process requires the submission of a core application form, official academic transcripts, certified scores from the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE), and successful completion of a criminal background check.

An essential preliminary step is the verification of educational qualifications. Applicants must arrange for their accredited Doctor of Chiropractic program to send official, sealed transcripts directly to the KSBHA. The Board only accepts educational credentials from institutions accredited by the Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE). This direct submission from the registrar's office ensures the authenticity of the applicant's doctoral degree and fulfillment of the state's foundational educational standards.

A critical component of the application packet is the official report of scores from the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners. Kansas requires applicants to have successfully passed all four parts of the NBCE examinations. Part I of the examination sequence verifies competency across six basic science domains, including General Anatomy, Spinal Anatomy, and Pathology ⁵. Part II assesses knowledge in six clinical science subjects, such as General Diagnosis, Neuromusculoskeletal Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Imaging ⁶. Part III is a written clinical competency examination that tests proficiency in nine distinct clinical areas, from Case History and Physical Examination to Chiropractic Techniques and Case Management ⁷. Finally, applicants must provide proof of passing the NBCE Part IV practical skills examination, which evaluates hands-on ability in Chiropractic Technique and Case Management ⁸. Score reports must be transmitted directly from the NBCE to the KSBHA.

Concurrently with submitting academic and examination credentials, the applicant must complete the KSBHA's official application for licensure form online. This includes providing detailed personal, educational, and professional history. The submission must be accompanied by the payment of a non-refundable application fee and a separate fee for a mandatory criminal background check. After initiating the application, the applicant receives instructions for completing the fingerprint-based background check, which is processed by the Kansas Bureau of Investigation and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Furthermore, all applicants are required to pass a state-specific jurisprudence examination. This test assesses knowledge of the Kansas healing arts act, its associated regulations, and the statutes governing chiropractic practice in the state, specifically K.S.A. 65-2801 et seq. ⁹.

Once all documents, fees, and reports have been received and verified, the completed application file is prepared for review. The application is evaluated by the full Kansas State Board of Healing Arts. This fifteen-member board, which includes 3 Doctors of Chiropractic alongside medical doctors, osteopaths, a podiatrist, and public members, makes the final determination on licensure ². Upon approval by the Board, the license to practice chiropractic in Kansas is issued, and the applicant's name is entered into the state's official roster of licensed practitioners.

Licensure by endorsement: The pathway for established practitioners

For chiropractors who are already licensed and have established practices in other U.S. states or territories, Kansas offers an alternative route to licensure known as licensure by endorsement. This pathway is designed for experienced practitioners and is governed by the provisions of Kansas Statutes Annotated (K.S.A.) 65-2874. The statute stipulates that the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts may issue a license without examination to a chiropractor who has been licensed in another state, provided the applicant meets specific criteria related to the standards of their original licensure and their history of professional activity ¹⁰. This process acknowledges a practitioner's existing credentials and experience while ensuring they meet the state's requirements for safe and competent practice.

The primary condition for endorsement is that the applicant must hold a license from a state with licensing standards that were equivalent to those of Kansas at the time the original license was issued ¹⁰. The Kansas State Board of Healing Arts ² performs a detailed review to determine equivalency. This assessment involves a comparison of educational requirements, background checks, and, most significantly, examination standards. Kansas requires its applicants for initial licensure to have passed all four parts of the examinations administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE). Therefore, an endorsement applicant’s original state must have had a similarly rigorous examination requirement. These examinations cover a broad spectrum of knowledge, from the six basic science domains of Part I ⁵ to the six clinical science subjects of Part II ⁶ and the nine distinct clinical competency areas evaluated in the Part III written exam ⁷. An applicant from a state that, for instance, did not mandate passing the NBCE Part IV practical skills exam, which assesses Chiropractic Technique and Case Management ⁸, may face additional scrutiny or requirements from the Board.

In addition to equivalent standards, K.S.A. 65-2874 requires the applicant to have been in active, legal, and reputable practice since their original license was granted ¹⁰. The Board requires verifiable documentation of this active practice history, which serves as evidence that the practitioner's clinical skills and knowledge have remained current. This requirement differentiates the endorsement pathway from the initial licensure route, which is intended for recent graduates. The development of such reciprocity and endorsement provisions reflects a long history of professional maturation within chiropractic, where standardized examinations and interstate cooperation became essential for legitimacy and public trust, a process chronicled in works like David D. Palmer's Three generations: a history of chiropractic ³.

Even when an applicant meets the core requirements for endorsement, they are not entirely exempt from Kansas-specific assessments. All endorsement candidates must successfully pass a state jurisprudence examination administered by the Board ⁹. This open-book test ensures the practitioner is familiar with the legal framework governing the healing arts in Kansas. The examination covers the Kansas Healing Arts Act, K.S.A. 65-2801 et seq., and its associated administrative regulations. This includes understanding the specific scope of practice defined for chiropractors in Kansas, such as the statutory inclusion of physiotherapy methods like the use of light, heat, water, or exercise under K.S.A. 65-2871 ¹. By mandating this exam, the Board ensures that all licensed chiropractors, regardless of their entry pathway, are aware of and accountable to the laws and regulations of the state.

Maintaining a Kansas chiropractic license: Renewal and continuing education

Securing a license from the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts is the initial prerequisite for practice; maintaining that license requires ongoing adherence to state regulations concerning renewal, continuing education, and professional conduct. The responsibility for compliance rests with the individual practitioner, who must meet all requirements to legally provide chiropractic care in the state.

All chiropractic licenses in Kansas are subject to a biennial renewal cycle, expiring on June 30th of the designated year. To maintain an active license, chiropractors must submit a completed renewal application and the associated fee to the Board prior to this expiration date. Failure to renew on time results in the license becoming expired, and practicing with an expired license is a violation of the Kansas Healing Arts Act. Reinstatement of a lapsed or expired license typically involves a more complex process, including additional fees and proof of meeting all outstanding obligations.

A central component of license renewal is the fulfillment of mandatory continuing education (CE) requirements. For each two-year renewal period, Kansas chiropractors are required to complete a minimum of 50 hours of approved CE. The Board specifies the types of qualifying education, dividing them into categories. At least 20 of the 50 hours must be from Category I, which includes formal, interactive programs such as seminars and workshops. The remaining hours may be fulfilled through Category II activities, which can include self-study or other less formal educational formats. These CE requirements ensure that practitioners remain current on the broad spectrum of clinical knowledge essential for practice. This includes topics originally tested in the national board examinations, such as the principles of chiropractic, diagnosis, and case management, which are core components of the NBCE Part II and Part III exams ^{6 13}. CE courses often cover advancements in supportive interventions, chiropractic techniques, and diagnostic imaging, which is a key clinical area evaluated by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners ⁷. Foundational texts, such as F. P. DeGiacomo's Textbook of chiropractic technique, provide the basis for many of the adjustive procedures that are continually refined through ongoing professional education.

Beyond the administrative tasks of renewal and CE, licensed chiropractors have a continuous obligation to practice within the legally defined scope of their profession. This scope is detailed in the Kansas Healing Arts Act, which, under K.S.A. 65-2871, permits chiropractors to use physiotherapy methods including light, heat, water, or exercise as part of patient treatment ¹. Adherence to this scope, as well as all other state statutes and administrative regulations, is monitored by the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts. The Board, which is composed of a diverse group of professionals including three Doctors of Chiropractic, five Medical Doctors, and three public members, is tasked with investigating complaints and enforcing professional standards ². Any deviation from the established scope of practice or other professional misconduct can lead to disciplinary action by the Board, ranging from fines and practice limitations to license suspension or revocation.

Sources

1. According to K.S.A. 65-2871, the practice of chiropractic includes the use of physiotherapy methods such as light, heat, water, or exercise. - https://www.kslegislature.gov/li_2016/b2015_16/statute/065_000_0000_chapter/065_028_0000_article/065_028_0071_section/065_028_0071_k/

2. The Kansas State Board of Healing Arts, which regulates chiropractors, is composed of 3 Doctors of Chiropractic, 5 Medical Doctors, 1 Doctor of Podiatric Medicine, 3 Doctors of Osteopathy, and 3 public members. - https://www.fclb.org/Regulatory-Information/Directory-of-Chiropractic-Licensing-Boards/kansas.aspx

3. <Chiropractic Regulation and Oversight in the US, n.d.> - https://chiropracticauthority.com/regulatory-context-for-chiropractic/

4. Joseph C. Keating, Chiropractic history: a primer (2004) - https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2025412W

5. Part I of the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) examinations covers six basic science domains: General Anatomy, Spinal Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, Pathology, and Microbiology. - https://mynbce.org/part-i/

6. Part II of the NBCE examinations tests six clinical science subject areas: General Diagnosis, Neuromusculoskeletal Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Principles of Chiropractic, Chiropractic Practice, and Associated Clinical Sciences. - https://mynbce.org/part-ii/

7. NBCE Part III, the written clinical competency exam, evaluates nine clinical areas: Case History, Physical Examination, Neuromusculoskeletal Examination, Diagnostic Imaging, Clinical Laboratory and Special Studies, Diagnosis or Clinical Impression, Chiropractic Techniques, Supportive Interventions, - https://mynbce.org/part-iii/

8. The updated NBCE Part IV practical skills examination consists of two major sections: Chiropractic Technique and Case Management. The Diagnostic Imaging section was moved to the Part III exam. - https://mynbce.org/part-iv/

9. Kansas Legislature, 2024 - https://www.ksrevisor.org/statutes/chapters/ch65/065_028_0001.html

10. To obtain a Kansas license via endorsement under K.S.A. 65-2874, an applicant must hold a license in a state with equivalent standards and have been in active practice since the license was issued. - https://www.kslegislature.org/li_2012/b2011_12/statute/065_000_0000_chapter/065_028_0000_article/065_028_0074_section/065_028_0074_k/

11. Chiropractic in America: The History of a Medical Alternative, 1993 - https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title/2333/chiropractic-america

12. Walter I. Wardwell, Chiropractic (1992) - https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4280776W

13. The NBCE Part III written clinical competency exam includes nine categories: Case History, Physical Examination, Neuromusculoskeletal Examination, Diagnostic Imaging, Clinical Laboratory and Special Studies, Diagnosis or Clinical Impression, Chiropractic Techniques, Supportive Interventions, and Cas - https://mynbce.org/part-iii-test-plan/

14. Ralph W. Stephenson, Chiropractic textbook (1927) - https://openlibrary.org/works/OL11214447W

15. Under K.S.A. 65-2871, "physiotherapy" includes the use of light, heat, water, or exercise as treatment methods available to chiropractors. - https://www.ksrevisor.org/statutes/chapters/ch65/065_028_0071.html